多项式对数函数|指数函数

描述

给定多项式 f(x) ,求模 x^{n} 意义下的 \ln{f(x)} \exp{f(x)}

解法

普通方法


首先,对于多项式 f(x) ,若 \ln{f(x)} 存在,则由其 定义,其必须满足:

[x^{0}]f(x)=1

\ln{f(x)} 求导再积分,可得:

\begin{aligned} \frac{\mathrm{d} \ln{f(x)}}{\mathrm{d} x} & \equiv \frac{f'(x)}{f(x)} & \pmod{x^{n}} \\ \ln{f(x)} & \equiv \int \mathrm{d} \ln{x} \equiv \int\frac{f'(x)}{f(x)} \mathrm{d} x & \pmod{x^{n}} \end{aligned}

多项式的求导,积分时间复杂度为 O(n) ,求逆时间复杂度为 O(n\log{n}) ,故多项式求 \ln 时间复杂度 O(n\log{n})


首先,对于多项式 f(x) ,若 \exp{f(x)} 存在,则其必须满足:

[x^{0}]f(x)=0

否则 \exp{f(x)} 的常数项不收敛。

\exp{f(x)} 求导,可得:

\frac{\mathrm{d} \exp{f(x)}}{\mathrm{d} x} \equiv \exp{f(x)}f'(x)\pmod{x^{n}}

比较两边系数可得:

[x^{n-1}]\frac{\mathrm{d} \exp{f(x)}}{\mathrm{d} x} = \sum_{i = 0}^{n - 1} \left([x^{i}]\exp{f(x)}\right) \left([x^{n-i-1}]f'(x)\right)
n[x^{n}]\exp{f(x)} = \sum_{i = 0}^{n} \left([x^{i}]\exp{f(x)}\right) \left((n - i + 1)[x^{n - i}]f(x)\right)

[x^{0}]f(x)=0 ,则:

n[x^{n}]\exp{f(x)} = \sum_{i = 0}^{n - 1} \left([x^{i}]\exp{f(x)}\right) \left((n - i + 1)[x^{n - i}]f(x)\right)

使用分治 FFT 即可解决。

时间复杂度 O(n\log^{2}{n})

Newton's Method

使用 Newton's Method 即可在 O(n\log{n}) 的时间复杂度内解决多项式 \exp

代码

多项式 ln/exp
constexpr int maxn = 262144;
constexpr int mod = 998244353;

using i64 = long long;
using poly_t = int[maxn];
using poly = int *const;

inline void derivative(const poly &h, const int n, poly &f) {
  for (int i = 1; i != n; ++i) f[i - 1] = (i64)h[i] * i % mod;
  f[n - 1] = 0;
}

inline void integrate(const poly &h, const int n, poly &f) {
  for (int i = n - 1; i; --i) f[i] = (i64)h[i - 1] * inv[i] % mod;
  f[0] = 0; /* C */
}

void polyln(const poly &h, const int n, poly &f) {
  /* f = ln h = ∫ h' / h dx */
  assert(h[0] == 1);
  static poly_t ln_t;
  const int t = n << 1;

  derivative(h, n, ln_t);
  std::fill(ln_t + n, ln_t + t, 0);
  polyinv(h, n, f);

  DFT(ln_t, t);
  DFT(f, t);
  for (int i = 0; i != t; ++i) ln_t[i] = (i64)ln_t[i] * f[i] % mod;
  IDFT(ln_t, t);

  integrate(ln_t, n, f);
}

void polyexp(const poly &h, const int n, poly &f) {
  /* f = exp(h) = f_0 (1 - ln f_0 + h) */
  assert(h[0] == 0);
  static poly_t exp_t;
  std::fill(f, f + n + n, 0);
  f[0] = 1;
  for (int t = 2; t <= n; t <<= 1) {
    const int t2 = t << 1;

    polyln(f, t, exp_t);
    exp_t[0] = sub(pls(h[0], 1), exp_t[0]);
    for (int i = 1; i != t; ++i) exp_t[i] = sub(h[i], exp_t[i]);
    std::fill(exp_t + t, exp_t + t2, 0);

    DFT(f, t2);
    DFT(exp_t, t2);
    for (int i = 0; i != t2; ++i) f[i] = (i64)f[i] * exp_t[i] % mod;
    IDFT(f, t2);

    std::fill(f + t, f + t2, 0);
  }
}

例题

  1. 计算 f^{k}(x)

普通做法为多项式快速幂,时间复杂度 O(n\log{n}\log{k})

[x^{0}]f(x)=1 时,有:

f^{k}(x)=\exp{(k\ln{f(x)})}

[x^{0}]f(x)\neq 1 时,设 f(x) 的最低次项为 f_{i}x^{i} ,则:

f^{k}(x)=f_{i}^{k}x^{ik}\exp{(k\ln{\frac{f(x)}{f_{i}x^{i}}})}

时间复杂度 O(n\log{n})


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